Difference between revisions of "Research Ethics"
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[[Impact Evaluation Team|Impact evaluation teams]] (or '''research teams''') often work with, or have access to datasets that contain sensitive or [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|personal identifiable information (PII)]] on individuals. They can either have [[Primary Data Collection|direct access]] - for instance, through a [[Field Surveys|field survey]], or [[Secondary Data Sources|indirect access]] to this data - for instance, in the form of '''call data records (CDR)'''. In both cases, '''research ethics''' are important to ensure that '''research teams''' act responsibly. Broadly, '''ethical research''' means that research teams must obtain necessary [[IRB Approval|ethics approvals]], [[Protecting Human Research Subjects|protect rights of | [[Impact Evaluation Team|Impact evaluation teams]] (or '''research teams''') often work with, or have access to, datasets that contain sensitive or [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|personal identifiable information (PII)]] on individuals. They can either have [[Primary Data Collection|direct access]] - for instance, through a [[Field Surveys|field survey]], or [[Secondary Data Sources|indirect access]] to this data - for instance, in the form of '''call data records (CDR)'''. In both cases, '''research ethics''' are important to ensure that '''research teams''' act responsibly. Broadly, '''ethical research''' means that research teams must obtain necessary [[IRB Approval|ethics approvals]], [[Protecting Human Research Subjects|protect rights of human subjects]], and obtain [[Informed Consent|informed consent]]. '''Research ethics''' ensure that that steps taken to reach the outcomes of a study are just as important as the outcomes themselves, and help improve the validity of results of a study. | ||
== Read First == | == Read First == | ||
* '''Research ethics''' make up the first pillar of the [https://github.com/worldbank/dime-standards/tree/master/dime-research-standards DIME Research Standards] compiled by [https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/dime/data-and-analytics DIME Analytics]. | * '''Research ethics''' make up the first pillar of the [https://github.com/worldbank/dime-standards/tree/master/dime-research-standards DIME Research Standards] compiled by [https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/dime/data-and-analytics DIME Analytics]. | ||
* The [https://github.com/worldbank/dime-standards/tree/master/dime-research-standards/pillar-1-research-ethics DIME Research Ethics Guidelines] discuss key things to keep in mind for researchers affiliated with [https://www.worldbank.org/en/research/dime DIME]. | |||
* A '''human subject''' is a living individual about whom the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] obtains [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|personal identifiable information (PII)]], either directly or indirectly. | * A '''human subject''' is a living individual about whom the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] obtains [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|personal identifiable information (PII)]], either directly or indirectly. | ||
== Ethics Approvals | == Protect Rights of Individuals == | ||
All members of the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] who handle [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|personally identifiable information]] must have up-to-date '''human research subjects certification'''. Two common courses that research team members can take to get certified are: | |||
* [https://phrp.nihtraining.com/users/login.php Protecting Human Research Participants] is a private certification that can be obtained online. | |||
* [https://about.citiprogram.org/en/homepage/ Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI)] offers a course on [https://about.citiprogram.org/en/series/human-subjects-research-hsr/ human subjects research]. | |||
== Ethics Approvals == | |||
'''Institutional review boards (IRBs)''' are organizations that review and monitor research studies to [[Protecting Human Research Subjects|protect the rights]] of '''human subjects'''. The [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] must seek [[IRB Approval|IRB approval]] for all studies that use [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|personally identifiable information]] about individuals. This is a powerful tool to ensure '''ethical research''' because '''IRBs''' can deny research teams the right to use data if the research teams did not follow proper guidelines to access the data. | |||
'''Note''': Keep the following points in mind with respect to '''ethics approvals''': | |||
* It does not matter whether the research team collected the data [[Primary Data Collection|directly]], or [[Secondary Data Sources|indirectly]]. For example, consider a study that uses mobile phone location data to assess effectiveness of stay-at-home orders during COVID-19. In this case, the research team does not directly collect this data, but gets access to it through the mobile carrier. However, since this dataset contains sensitive information like names, phone numbers, and location of individuals, the research team must obtain an '''IRB approval'''. | |||
* In addition to '''IRB approvals''', the research team should also obtain approvals from local institutions in the location of the study. This will ensure that the study complies with local regulations, and does not violate any laws in that area, particular with respect to the '''right to privacy'''. | |||
== Informed Consent == | == Informed Consent == | ||
== | === Confidentiality === | ||
== Other Concerns in Research == | == Other Concerns in Research == | ||
Revision as of 21:30, 21 May 2020
Impact evaluation teams (or research teams) often work with, or have access to, datasets that contain sensitive or personal identifiable information (PII) on individuals. They can either have direct access - for instance, through a field survey, or indirect access to this data - for instance, in the form of call data records (CDR). In both cases, research ethics are important to ensure that research teams act responsibly. Broadly, ethical research means that research teams must obtain necessary ethics approvals, protect rights of human subjects, and obtain informed consent. Research ethics ensure that that steps taken to reach the outcomes of a study are just as important as the outcomes themselves, and help improve the validity of results of a study.
Read First
- Research ethics make up the first pillar of the DIME Research Standards compiled by DIME Analytics.
- The DIME Research Ethics Guidelines discuss key things to keep in mind for researchers affiliated with DIME.
- A human subject is a living individual about whom the research team obtains personal identifiable information (PII), either directly or indirectly.
Protect Rights of Individuals
All members of the research team who handle personally identifiable information must have up-to-date human research subjects certification. Two common courses that research team members can take to get certified are:
- Protecting Human Research Participants is a private certification that can be obtained online.
- Collaborative Institutional Training Initiative (CITI) offers a course on human subjects research.
Ethics Approvals
Institutional review boards (IRBs) are organizations that review and monitor research studies to protect the rights of human subjects. The research team must seek IRB approval for all studies that use personally identifiable information about individuals. This is a powerful tool to ensure ethical research because IRBs can deny research teams the right to use data if the research teams did not follow proper guidelines to access the data.
Note: Keep the following points in mind with respect to ethics approvals:
- It does not matter whether the research team collected the data directly, or indirectly. For example, consider a study that uses mobile phone location data to assess effectiveness of stay-at-home orders during COVID-19. In this case, the research team does not directly collect this data, but gets access to it through the mobile carrier. However, since this dataset contains sensitive information like names, phone numbers, and location of individuals, the research team must obtain an IRB approval.
- In addition to IRB approvals, the research team should also obtain approvals from local institutions in the location of the study. This will ensure that the study complies with local regulations, and does not violate any laws in that area, particular with respect to the right to privacy.
Informed Consent
Confidentiality
Other Concerns in Research
Transparency
Reproducibility
Data Security
Publication
Related Pages
Click here for pages that link to this topic.
Additional Resources
- Berk Özler (World Bank), Taking ethics seriously: Response #1
- Berk Özler (World Bank), Research with adolescents: issues surrounding consent
- David McKenzie (World Bank), A pre-analysis plan checklist
- DIME Analytics (World Bank), Research Ethics & Data Security
- Martin Ravallion (World Bank), Taking ethical validity seriously
- J-PAL, Ethics