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== Read First ==
'''Enumerator training''' is an extremely important part of the [[Primary Data Collection|primary data collection]], and should be planned in advance. It is a joint effort between the [[Impact Evaluation Team#Field Coordinators (FCs)|field coordinators]], the [[Survey Firm|survey firm]], and other members of the [[Impact Evaluation Team|impact evaluation team]] (or '''research team'''). The research team must prepare and approve an '''enumerator manual''' (or '''field manual'''). The enumerator manual acts as the basis for the training content, and helps organize the training.
By the end of the Enumerator Training, all field staff should be familiar with the [[Survey Protocols]] and all survey instruments. Always train more enumerators than will be required for the field work, and at the end of the training select the best enumerators for the data collection. The duration and structure of the training will depend on the complexity and length of the survey. The training of all enumerators and supervisors is an extremely important part of the survey, and should be planned well in advance. Each project will have slightly different training requirements but should cover each of the following topics in detail: project overview, core modules, interviewing skills, and using tablets, among others.  


<!-- == Training Guidelines: Content ==
== Read First ==  
The Enumerator Training is a joint effort between the Field Coordinator (often with other members of the [[Impact Evaluation Team]]) and the [[Survey Firm Procurement|Survey Firm]]. The Field Coordinator should prepare the Enumerator Manual or make sure to be involved in its approval process. It serves as a basis for the training content, and should help develop the training agenda.  
* The [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] should make sure all members of the [[Monitoring_Data_Quality#Communication_and_Reporting|field team]] are familiar with the [[Survey Protocols|survey protocols]] and [[Questionnaire Design|survey design]] by the end of the '''enumerator training'''.
* Always train more enumerators than are required for the [[Primary Data Collection|field data collection]].  
* Select the best enumerators at the end of the training, based on rigorous assessments.
* The field team should follow the [[Enumerator Training#Scientific approach|scientific approach]] of enumerator training, and train enumerators to ensure [[Research Ethics#Confidentiality|confidentiality]] of respondents during the [[Field Surveys|survey]].
* Broadly, the training can be divided into the following components - '''objectives''', '''planning''', '''content''', '''structure''', and '''enumerator assessment'''.


===Project overview===
== Training Objectives ==
The [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] should use the '''enumerator training''' to provide the rest of the team members with a clear overview of the context, objectives, and relevance of the impact evaluation.  A good, well-organized enumerator training deals with the following aspects:
* '''Survey protocols''': The training should ensure that all members of the [[Monitoring_Data_Quality#Communication_and_Reporting|field team]] have a clear understanding of the [[Survey Protocols|survey protocols]]. The research team must [[Checklist: Piloting Survey Protocols|pilot all protocols]] well in advance, as part of [[Preparing for Field Data Collection|preparing for data collection]].


Providing the team with an overview of the background, objectives and relevance of the project is a key way to ensure the team becomes engaged and motivated to conduct high quality data collection. Conveying the importance of their role in the research will allow enumerators to take ownership of the project, a key requirement in ensuring enumerators remain committed throughout the duration of the data collection phase. This will be particularly important for projects lasting several weeks or requiring a significant amount of travel, both of which can result in enumerator fatigue.  
* '''Survey instrument''': The research team must ensure that all the enumerators understand all the questions in the [[Questionnaire Design|survey instrument]]. The enumerators should also be able to use the tablets (in case of [[Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI)|computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI)]], or paper forms (in case of [[Pen-and-Paper Personal Interviews (PAPI)|pen-and-paper personal interviews (PAPI)]].


===Core modules===
* '''Key roles''': The training should also ensure that all members of the research team, [[Survey Firm|survey firm]], and the field team understand their roles and duties. This allows everyone to take responsibility of their tasks, and remain committed throughout the process of [[Primary Data Collection|data collection]]. For instance, the survey firm executes the tasks involved in data collection, while the [[Impact Evaluation Team#Field Coordinators (FCs)|field coordinators (FCs)]] supervise these tasks, and ensure quality of the work done by enumerators and the survey firm. Similarly, the [[Impact Evaluation Team#Research Assistants (RAs)|research assistants (RAs)]] provide support in preparing the [[Data Quality Assurance Plan|data quality assurance plan]].


The time dedicated to training on the questionnaire content will depend on the complexity of the questions themselves, the use of scales or experiments etc. For example, scoring scales or questions about perceptions, attitude or motivation, will require more in-depth instruction which will include a detailed review of what is being measured and how this should be captured, as well as various practical exercises which will allow the enumerators to test their understanding, and the trainers to tailor subsequent sessions to the areas in which there is a discrepancy or inconsistency in comprehension.  
== Planning ==
Before starting with '''enumerator training''', it is important for everyone involved in the [[Primary Data Collection|data collection]] to be aware of their roles and responsibilities. '''Planning''' is a continuous process that requires constant interaction between the [[Survey Firm|survey firm]] and the [[Impact Evaluation Team#Field Coordinators (FCs)|field coordinators (FCs)]]. This stage has the following components:
=== Logistics and recruitment ===
The survey firm is responsible for coordinating '''logistics''' and '''recruitment''', which includes:
* Finalizing the training venue.
* Providing materials like printed [[Questionnaire Design|questionnaires]] (or '''survey forms''') and training agenda.
* Providing tablets, pens, and notebooks.
* Hiring potential enumerators and skilled '''supervisors''' to help with the training.
In this process, the survey firm should coordinate with '''field coordinators (FCs)''' to understand the [[Theory of Change|context]] of the impact evaluation, and become familiar with the [[Questionnaire Design|questionnaire content]].


It will be important not to assume that enumerators will understand questions in the same way, as even relatively straightforward questions or items can be interpreted differently, particularly if working with people with different levels and types of experience. It is better to dedicate time to going through all questions, however briefly, in the training than to deal with inconsistencies after the data collection has begun. Preparing and Enumerator manual and additional materials to support the training, on which enumerators can take notes to review after the training, and which they can refer to throughout the fielding of the survey, will be crucial.  
=== Train support staff ===
In the context of '''enumerator training''', the following people are considered a part of the '''support staff''' - survey facilitators, survey firm managers, and potential supervisors. The '''field coordinators (FCs)''' are responsible for training support staff to make sure they are familiar with various aspects of the project, including the [[Theory of Change|context of the study]], the [[Questionnaire Design|questionnaire content]], and the potential [[Survey Protocols|survey protocols]]. The support staff can then work with the survey firm during the actual enumerator training.


===Interviewing===
=== Enumerator manual ===
An '''enumerator manual''' (or '''field manual''') is extremely important because it is the primary resource used during the '''enumerator training'''. It also acts as an important resource for enumerators during the [[Field Surveys|field survey]]. Field manuals contain all [[Survey Protocols|field protocols]], provide crucial guidelines to the survey firm, and also provide [[Training Guidelines: Content and Structure|content]] for the training Refer to '''Figure 1''' below for a '''field manual template'''. A comprehensive field manual should list the following:
* '''Study objectives:''' The field manual should briefly explain the purpose of the study, and the possible outcomes that the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] hopes to achieve. This provides enumerators and field teams a good reference during the actual [[Field Surveys|field interview]], and helps them understand their roles more clearly.
* '''Roles and responsibilities:''' The field manual should also list the roles and responsibilities of each member in the field team. This allows field staff to take more responsibility for their work, and perform their tasks efficiently.


Spending some time on interviewing techniques is vital. While the content of this part of the training will depend on the nature of the questionnaire, general tips on how to conduct a good interview will also be helpful. Some general topics for discussion include:
* '''Survey protocols:''' [[Survey Protocols|Survey protocols]] play an important role in [[Monitoring Data Quality|ensuring high data quality]] in the field. The field manual should list all protocols, along with examples that explain the importance of following these protocols. For example, the '''enumerator manual''' should cover protocols for replacing survey respondents.


*'''Eliciting good data''': some respondents are likely to have confidentiality concerns, so it is of utmost importance that the enumerators make it clear throughout the interview, both by stating so openly and in the way they approach sensitive topics, that there is no risk for them in participating as all answers will be anonymized and kept confidential. Further, respondents should be made to understand that the aim of the interview is to learn from them, capture their personal thoughts, opinions and beliefs, and not the official or sanctioned versions.  
* '''Key terms:''' The field manual should clearly define all key terms that are used in the questionnaire, as well as throughout the field manual. Key terms include common acronyms like '''open data kit (ODK)''', and technical terms like [[Sampling|sampling frames]].


*'''Time management''': how long interviews last will vary depending on the questionnaire and the respondent. While it is normal for the duration to vary, time management will be essential if enumerators are to complete their target number of interviews each day. Not only does an overly long interview have the potential to cut short another interview, it also risks not being completed. Enumerators should have an idea of approximately how long they should spend on each section of the questionnaire, and should be especially careful with the more complex sections as these risk taking longer if the respondent is not clear on what he or she is being asked. A good understanding of the questions and concepts underlying each one will allow enumerators to run through the interview at a good pace.  
* '''Instructions:''' The field manual should also provide detailed instructions on how to operate and [[Training_Guidelines:_Content_and_Structure#Using_tablets|use tablets]] during the [[Field Surveys|field interviews]]. This also helps to ensure consistency during the [[Primary Data Collection|data collection]], and [[Data Quality Assurance Plan|improve data quality]].


*''Respondent fatigue'' can impact data quality and affect the results of the survey. It can result from respondents becoming bored, tired, or uninterested with the interview and begin to respond at a substandard level. This can be caused by several things, including an overly long interview, poor interviewing skills, or unease with the questions being asked. Enumerators can prevent this from happening by ensuring the respondents are fully aware of the value of their participation, by keeping the interview within a reasonable time and by interacting with the respondent in an engaging and interested manner.
* '''Description of questions:''' The field manual should also explain the questions that are part of the [[Questionnaire Design|questionnaire]], along with common rules and methods for asking questions during the [[Field Surveys|field interview]].


===Using tablets===
* '''Frequently asked questions (FAQs):''' Finally, the field manual should include a list of '''frequently asked questions (FAQs)'''. These are questions that often come up during the training sessions, and help to resolve common doubts that may arise during [[Field Surveys|fieldwork]].


Tablets and electronic data collection platforms such as Survey CTO are relatively straightforward to use, but time should be set aside to go through their correct use, as well as all data uploading protocols. While electronic methods provide a safe and easy way to collect and upload data quickly and efficiently, incorrect use of the tablet can lead to irretrievable data losses so it’s crucial that all enumerators are clear on the protocols to follow, such as saving, reviewing and uploading data. It is advisable to have a set of step-by-step instructions on how to do this rather than relying on the assumption that all enumerators will be comfortable using electronic devices.
[[File:Fieldmanualtemplate.png|500px|thumb|center|'''Figure 1: Template for developing a field manual ''']]
In case paper forms are used in the survey (e.g. for self-administered questionnaires), protocols should also be clearly set out to ensure all forms are labelled correctly and organized appropriately.
--->


==Research standards and confidentiality==
=== Finalize training time frame ===
The '''training time frame''' refers to the duration of the '''enumerator training''', and depends on factors like:
* '''Length and complexity of the questionnaire.''' If the questionnaire is longer, and is more complex (that is, has several modules, and many [https://docs.surveycto.com/02-designing-forms/02-additional-topics/02.repeats.html#:~:text=Use%20repeat%20groups%20to%20ask,those%20filling%20out%20your%20form. repeat groups]), then the training will also need to be longer to make sure enumerators are comfortable with the questionnaire.
* '''Capacity of potential enumerators.''' If the potential enumerators are more experienced, the duration of the training will be shorter, compared to a situation where the potential enumerators have less experience.
* '''Complexity of study design.''' Again, if the study itself is based on a complex [[Theory of Change|theory of change]], or is trying to answer questions that were not a part of any previous studies, the training too will have to be longer to explain the objectives and [[Survey Protocols|protocols]].


===The scientific approach===
Further, keep the following points in mind when deciding the '''time frame''':
* '''Sufficient rest.''' Include sufficient time to rest after the sessions.
* '''Practice sessions.''' Include extra days for practice in the classrooms, as well as in the field.
* '''Extra day for enumerator selection.''' Include at least one day for the process of selecting enumerators for the actual [[Field Surveys|survey]].
* '''Field manual.''' Use the field manual as a guide for finalizing the time frame, since the manual contains all information about the study and its various aspects.


The first, and foremost, of the qualities of a good survey team is a commitment to the scientific method. A scientific method is the standard approach for such surveys and in order to produce concrete, defensible and valuable results, this method must be applied. Enumerators must be instructed on what the scientific approach means for them: that they are committed to identifying the true situation on the ground, not one that seems to be real but rather arises from errors in the way we have measured opinions.
== Assessing Enumerators ==
After the '''enumerator training''' is complete, the [[Impact Evaluation Team#Field Coordinators (FCs)|field coordinators (FCs)]], the [[Survey Firm|survey firm]], and the '''supervisors''' should coordinate to conduct the '''enumerator assessment'''. Always train more enumerators than are needed for the actual [[Field Surveys|survey]] (or interview). This motivates enumerators to perform better. It also ensures that a group of qualified enumerators are available as backup in case a few enumerators are unable to conduct the interviews on a given day. The following are the main criteria for '''enumerator selection''':
* '''Scores on regular quizzes and final test'''
* '''Field practice'''
* '''Participation'''
* '''Interpersonal skills'''
* '''Previous experience'''
=== Quiz and test scores ===
Although '''quiz and test scores''' may seem like a highly academic criteria of enumerator assessment, they offer important feedback which field teams can use to improve the training sessions. It is important to reassure the enumerators that the frequent quizzes act more as measure of how much progress each enumerator has made during the enumerator training, and less as a measure of performance. Be creative while preparing the final test. The final test should assess the following:


The only way that a comparison between organisations is valid is to use the same survey method for all respondents. This means:
* '''Understanding of materials.''' Use the regular quizzes and final test to assess how well an enumerator has understood the training materials such as field manuals, [[Survey Protocols|protocols]], and [[Training Guidelines: Content and Structure|standard guidelines]] for conducting interviews.
* Introducing the process in the same way in each organization
* Making people feel equally comfortable that the process is anonymous
* Making people feel that their responses will be confidential
* Giving each group roughly the same amount of time to fill in the questionnaire
* Guiding the discussion session in a similar way
* Collecting and filing all the questionnaires systematically


If we deviate from this approach, for example by treating one group differently to all the others, we won’t be able to tell if the differences between that group and the others are down to actual differences or just responses to our differential treatments.
* '''Reading skills in different languages.''' The quizzes should also evaluate basic reading skills in the relevant languages. This also includes assessing familiarity of enumerators with the [[Questionnaire Translation|translated versions]] of the questionnaire in various languages. For example, if the questions are to be asked in English and Hindi, it is important to ensure that enumerators are able to read out the questions in both languages during the interview.  


To standardise responses to any eventuality that may arise during the interview process, it is advisable to write a '' ‘Frequently Asked Questions’ (FAQ)'' document which all enumerators can refer to.
* '''Understanding of questions.''' The quizzes should also assess if enumerators are able to understand the meaning and relevance of certain questions. For example, in a COVID-19 pulse survey, it would be important for the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] to assess how households are preparing to deal with the economic and health-related consequences of COVID-19. In  this case, for a question about how households assess the threat of COVID-19, enumerators must be able to understand the question themselves, before asking the respondents. Further, enumerators should be able to explain how respondents can answer the question using a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 meaning '''"No threat"''', and 5 meaning '''"Severe threat"'''.  


Clearly, there will be times when the situation deviates from a perfect replication of all other interviews and will not correspond to any items on the FAQs.  To ensure that this is accounted for, enumerators should be able to discuss aspects of the methodology of the project, so it is advisable to include this in the training.
* '''Numeracy skills.''' The quiz must also assess basic numeracy skills (like counting, adding, etc.) of enumerators, including the ability to enter responses on a [[Training_Guidelines:_Content_and_Structure#Using_tablets|tablet]].


===Confidentiality and anonymity===
'''NOTE:''' The research team and the field staff should also keep the following things in mind while designing the final test:
* '''Be well-organized.''' Create all quizzes and the final test before the start of enumerator training. Edit the quizzes based on observations during the training sessions.


One of the key selling points of the interview for many respondents will be a commitment to anonymizing all interviews and safeguarding respondents’ confidentiality. The tablet goes a long way in helping enumerators achieve this through the use of de-identified IDs, however enumerators must ensure all interactions with respondents adhere to the strictest degree of confidentiality. This entails:
* '''Conduct regular quizzes as well as a final test.''' Carry out one quiz per day to test understanding of topics covered on the previous day. Correct the quizzes quickly, ideally on the same day. Share feedback simultaneously, to allow enumerators to correct their mistakes and fill any gaps in their understanding. The final test should provide a comprehensive assessment of the training content. It is useful to adapt the final test based on earlier quizzes, focusing in on areas where enumerators scored poorly on the quizzes.  
* Holding all opinions, claims, and other features that can be associated with individuals (confidential information in trust and confidence)
* Using such confidential information only for the purposes set out in the training, and for any other purpose, or disclosed to any third party
* Not to copy or retain any written information or record that could be associated with identifying features of individuals, or identifying features of any sort, outside the survey team’s own collections.
* At the conclusion of the surveys, or upon demand by the survey team, all confidential information, including questionnaires, written notes, photographs, memoranda or other types of notes taken to be returned to the survey team.
* Confidential information is not to be disclosed to any employee, consultant or third party unless it has been approved by the survey team.


===Interview practice and pilot interviews/ field testing===
* '''Be transparent.''' Inform enumerators before the start of training that they will be required to take regular quizzes and a final test. Share the skills that they should focus on in order to fully utilize the training. This also allows enumerators to concentrate better during sessions.


Before going out in the field it is imperative that all enumerators practice interviewing at least twice, both as a way to familiarize themselves with the questionnaire and to receive feedback on their interviewing (and scoring if applicable) by the trainers and Field Coordinator. It is normal for the first few interviews conducted by each enumerator will be of a lesser quality, so it is important that these can be discarded as ‘practice’ and not used as part of the dataset.  
* '''Encourage enumerators.''' Quizzes can often be stressful, so motivate enumerators throughout the training. Inform the enumerators that their scores in these quizzes are only one of the several criteria for evaluating them. Provide constructive feedback to enumerators after sharing results of each quiz.


Practice interviews can take the following forms:
=== Field practice ===
* Team exercises: practicing sections of the questionnaire in pairs or groups
'''Field practice''' is a very important part of '''enumerator training''', as it allows enumerators and the rest of the field staff to test [[Survey Protocols|survey protocols]], as well as the [[Checklist:_Content-focused_Pilot|survey content]]. '''Field practice''' can take the following forms:
* Mock interviews: conducting group mock interviews with a trainer and holding discussion sessions afterwards
* '''Team exercises:''' These involve enumerators getting together to practice [[Questionnaire_Design#Modules|questionnaire modules]] in pairs or in groups.
* Pilot interviews: interviews with civil servants, not to be included in the dataset. To be conducted in pairs or groups in order to encourage feedback on interviewing and scoring


== Enumerator Manual ==
* '''Mock interviews:''' Trainers can also conduct '''mock interviews''' with enumerators, and holding discussion sessions afterwards.


The Enumerator Manual should form the basis for the enumerator training. It is designed as a resource for field teams to consult as questions or issues arise during data collection. The manual should include the following:
* '''Pilot interviews with administrative officials:''' In some cases, it is also useful to conduct practice interviews with government officials. Data from these interviews is not included in the final dataset. These are only meant to provide feedback which is especially useful when the field team is not familiar with the culture and social norms in the location of the study.
# Brief overview of study objectives
# All [[Survey Protocols]]
# Roles and responsibilities of field staff
# Definitions of key terms
# Instructions for using (and troubleshooting) tablets
# Questionnaire conventions
# Module-by-module description of Questionnaire Content
#'Frequently Asked Questions' (FAQs)


The Enumerator Manual is typically developed by the Field Coordinator, with input from the research team and the survey firm (or other data collection partner).
Keep the following things in mind regarding '''field practice''':
* '''Plan regular sessions.''' Plan field practice sessions in such a manner that potential enumerators conducts at least one practice interview per person.


== Training Guidelines: Content and Structure ==
* '''Use facilitators to monitor.''' Split the enumerators into groups, and assign one experienced enumerators as a '''facilitator''' in each group. The facilitators can monitor and observe interviews to ensure that enumerators are following all protocols.
[[Training_Guidelines:_Content_and_Structure | Training Guidelines: Content and Structure]]
<!-----
=== Agenda for enumerator training ===


Use the Enumerator Manual as the guide for structuring the training agenda. A typical agenda includes:
* '''Keep regular feedback sessions.''' The facilitators should take notes on each enumerator's performances during practice, and share their comments at the end of the day.  


# Introductions & Overview of Study (0.5 days)
'''NOTE:''' The following is an '''observation checklist''' which facilitators can use to observe enumerators during field practice:
# Review of Survey Protocols (0.5 - 2 days)
*'''Use of proper equipment:''' It is important to ensure that each enumerator is using the proper equipment during the practice interview. For example, a pen and a notebook in case of a [[Pen-and-Paper Personal Interviews (PAPI)|pen-and-paper interview (PAPI)]], and tablets in case of a [[Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI)|computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI)]].
# Review of Questionnaire (paper version) (2.5-4 days)
* '''Selection of the correct respondent:''' It is important to ensure that the enumerator selectes the corrected respondent during practice. Interviewing incorrect respondents can cause serious problems for [[Monitoring Data Quality|data quality]], such as '''duplicates''', '''missing values''', and even '''outliers'''.
## This is done module-by-module. Each question is read aloud and discussed. At the end of each module, a mock interview.
* '''Proper introduction:''' The enumerators should be able to correctly and concisely introduce the survey objectives to the respondent. They must also be able to read out the [[Informed Consent|informed consent form]] in the language spoken by the respondent.
# Review of research standards and confidentiality (0.5 days)
* '''Introductory sentences:''' The enumerators should be able to read the introductory sentences before questions (if any), as well as all questions correctly in the language spoken by the respondent.
# Introduction to tablets to be used for data collection (0.5 - 1 days)
* '''Clarifications and polite probing:''' Sometimes a respondent may have trouble understand a question, or their answer might not be satisfactory. In such situations, the enumerator should be able to clarify as and when required. They must also be able to probe the respondent in a polite manner, and at the right time.
# Review of Questionnaire (electronic version) (2-3 days)
* '''Familiarity with the survey and confidence:''' The facilitators must also check how familiar the enumerators are with the [[Questionnaire Design|survey content]]. Also evaluate the level of confidence in practice sessions for each enumerator.
# Mock interviews in-classroom (1-2 days)
* '''Language proficiency:''' Check the level of comfort and fluency of enumerators in each of the languages used in the questionnaire.
# Field testing (1-2 days)
* '''Interactions with the respondent:''' Evaluate enumerators on their interactions with the respondent, both verbally and non-verbally. The enumerators should be polite and respectful throughout.
# Final team selection and logistics (1 day)
* '''Patience and attention to detail:''' The enumerators should answer all follow-up questions from respondents patiently. Evaluate enumerators on their attention to detail and whether they stick to all protocols.
* '''Creating a conducive environment:''' Evaluate enumerators on whether they make the respondents feel comfortable during the interview. The enumerator should reassure the respondent that the impact evaluation study will [[Protecting Human Research Subjects|protect their rights]], including their '''right to privacy'''.


=== Training tips ===
=== Participation ===
Another criteria to evaluate enumerator performance is their '''participation''' throughout the training sessions. '''Facilitators''' should observe each enumerator and take regular notes. They can score enumerators on a scale of 1 to 5, where '''"1 = Poor"''', '''"2 = Weak"''' '''"3 = Average"''', '''"4 = Strong"''', and '''"5 = Excellent"'''. Some criteria to evaluate '''participation''' are:
* '''Punctuality:''' Facilitators should keep note of enumerators who are punctual for training sessions. This also encourages enumerators to take the sessions seriously.


The training should be highly interactive. Pop quizzes at the beginning of each day are a good way to keep people's attention, and to catch any comprehension gaps in real time.
* '''Active participation and initiative:''' This includes awarding a higher score to enumerators who take part in classroom discussions, and take initiative to improve in areas where they might be weaker.


Include both classroom training and field testing. Allow for anonymous questions.
* '''Attitude and integrity:''' The attitude of enumerators during the training is also a very important aspect. Facilitators should take note of, and award higher scores to enumerators who are eager to learn and correct mistakes, and respond positively to feedback after quizzes and training sessions.


Classroom training should include both large and small group sessions. Ensure that every participant practices all survey components (introductions, consent, survey modules) in front of others and receives feedback.
* '''Team work:''' The field team often faces various challenging situations in the field. The training sessions are therefore a good time to think about creating a positive atmosphere in the team. Award higher scores to enumerators who work well in a team, and are willing to help their teammates with any issues they might face.


It will seems tedious to read through and practice every single question, but it is a key part of the training and very important.  
* '''Communication skills:''' Good communication skills are also an extremely quality important for enumerators. Enumerators should be able to convey their issues, clarify any doubts they face, and participate in review sessions to improve the overall quality of the [[Field Surveys|survey]].


=== Duration of Training ===
== Best Practices ==
Allocate plenty of time for training! [[Survey Firm Procurement|Survey Firms]] often push for short training, but rushing the training will only cause problems and delays later on.  
It is important to convey the the importance of their role in the research to the enumerators. This will allow enumerators to take ownership of the project, which is essential for ensuring that enumerators remain committed throughout the duration of the [[Primary Data Collection|data collection]]. This will be particularly important for projects lasting several weeks, or projects that involving a significant amount of travel, since these can result in enumerator fatigue. In this regard, it is important to follow certain '''best practices'''.


For a typical complex, multi-module household surveys, 10 days is a good estimate for minimum training time. Exact duration will depend on the complexity of the survey instrument, level of education of the enumerators, and number of people being trained.  
=== Scientific approach===
The most important quality of a good survey team is a commitment to the '''scientific method'''.  A scientific method is the standard approach for surveys in order to produce concrete and valuable results that can be easily defended during peer-reviews. Clarify to enumerators that the scientific approach means that they are committed to identifying the actual situation on the ground, and not one that appears to exist because of errors in the way opinions are taken into account.


=== Enumerator Selection ===
In development research, the only way that a comparison between different groups is possible is to use the same survey method for all respondents. This means that the following must be as similar as possible for each group:
Do train more enumerators than will ultimately be needed. Let the full group know in the beginning their selection into the final team will depend on their performance. Test them early and often.  
* '''Process''': Introduce the process in the same way to each group.
* '''Anonymity''': Make people in each group feel equally comfortable that the process is anonymous.
* '''Confidentiality''': Make people feel that their responses will be confidential.
* '''Duration''': Give each group roughly the same amount of time to fill in the questionnaire.
* '''Discussions''': Guide the discussion session in a similar manner for each group.
* '''Collection and filing''': Collect and file all the questionnaires systematically.  


Use objective measures of performance, such as:
If we deviate from this approach, for example by treating one group differently from all the others, we won’t be able to tell if the differences between that group and the others are because of actual differences, or simply because we failed to use the same survey method for the groups.
* Active participation in training, punctual arrival every day
* Understanding of survey modules and underlying concepts
* Scores on quizzes
* Feedback from the Field Testing (including interviewing skills)


Explain the performance measures, so it is clear that the final selection is transparent.
'''NOTE:''' Finally, there will still be times when a particular situation is different from the circumstances of what is considered an ideal interview. In such cases, it is possible that the FAQs compiled by the team might not also be of any help. To ensure that enumerators are prepared for such situations, include sessions to train enumerators on the various aspects of study methodology and approach.


Test early and often.  
===Confidentiality and anonymity===
One of the key selling points of the interview for many respondents will be a commitment to [[De-identification|anonymizing]] all interviews and safeguarding respondents’ [[Research_Ethics#Confidentiality|confidentiality]]. Tablets are a very useful tool in helping enumerators achieve this. However, enumerators must also ensure that all interactions with respondents meet the strictest criteria for confidentiality. This entails:
* Not disclosing any opinions, claims, and other features that can be associated with individuals.
* Using confidential information only for the purposes set out in the training, and not for any other purpose.
* Not copying or retaining any written information or record that could be associated with identifying features of individuals, or any other kind of [[Personally Identifiable Information (PII)|identifying information]].
* Returning all confidential information (including notes, memos, photographs) to the survey team at the conclusion of the surveys, or when demanded by the survey team.
* Not disclosing any confidential information to any employee, consultant or third party unless it has been approved by the survey team.


=== Modifying the Questionnaire & Enumerator Manual ===
===Interview practice and field testing===
Throughout training, mistakes may be found in questions, translations, programming, or the manual. Take notes each day on necessary changes, and updated materials daily if possible. Do not underestimate the value of feedback from enumerators- if they have concerns or issues of understanding, it is likely respondents will too.
Before going out in the field, it is important that all enumerators practice interviewing at least twice. This helps them become familiar with the questionnaire, and also allows them to receive feedback on their interviewing skills. It is normal for the first few interviews conducted by each enumerator to be of a lesser quality, so it is important to discard these and not include them in the main dataset.
Print an updated Manual at the end of training, and provide it to all selected enumerators in a plastic (waterproof) folder.
--->


== Back to Parent ==
== Back to Parent ==
This article is part of the topic [[Enumerator Training]]
This article is part of the topic [[Primary Data Collection]]


== Additional Resources ==
== Additional Resources ==
*  
* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://osf.io/bhsp9 Engaging With Data Collectors]
[[Category: Enumerator Training]]
* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://osf.io/8e7bj Introduction to SurveyCTO]
[[Category: Research Design]]
[[Category: Primary Data Collection]]

Latest revision as of 17:15, 27 June 2024

Enumerator training is an extremely important part of the primary data collection, and should be planned in advance. It is a joint effort between the field coordinators, the survey firm, and other members of the impact evaluation team (or research team). The research team must prepare and approve an enumerator manual (or field manual). The enumerator manual acts as the basis for the training content, and helps organize the training.

Read First

  • The research team should make sure all members of the field team are familiar with the survey protocols and survey design by the end of the enumerator training.
  • Always train more enumerators than are required for the field data collection.
  • Select the best enumerators at the end of the training, based on rigorous assessments.
  • The field team should follow the scientific approach of enumerator training, and train enumerators to ensure confidentiality of respondents during the survey.
  • Broadly, the training can be divided into the following components - objectives, planning, content, structure, and enumerator assessment.

Training Objectives

The research team should use the enumerator training to provide the rest of the team members with a clear overview of the context, objectives, and relevance of the impact evaluation. A good, well-organized enumerator training deals with the following aspects:

  • Key roles: The training should also ensure that all members of the research team, survey firm, and the field team understand their roles and duties. This allows everyone to take responsibility of their tasks, and remain committed throughout the process of data collection. For instance, the survey firm executes the tasks involved in data collection, while the field coordinators (FCs) supervise these tasks, and ensure quality of the work done by enumerators and the survey firm. Similarly, the research assistants (RAs) provide support in preparing the data quality assurance plan.

Planning

Before starting with enumerator training, it is important for everyone involved in the data collection to be aware of their roles and responsibilities. Planning is a continuous process that requires constant interaction between the survey firm and the field coordinators (FCs). This stage has the following components:

Logistics and recruitment

The survey firm is responsible for coordinating logistics and recruitment, which includes:

  • Finalizing the training venue.
  • Providing materials like printed questionnaires (or survey forms) and training agenda.
  • Providing tablets, pens, and notebooks.
  • Hiring potential enumerators and skilled supervisors to help with the training.

In this process, the survey firm should coordinate with field coordinators (FCs) to understand the context of the impact evaluation, and become familiar with the questionnaire content.

Train support staff

In the context of enumerator training, the following people are considered a part of the support staff - survey facilitators, survey firm managers, and potential supervisors. The field coordinators (FCs) are responsible for training support staff to make sure they are familiar with various aspects of the project, including the context of the study, the questionnaire content, and the potential survey protocols. The support staff can then work with the survey firm during the actual enumerator training.

Enumerator manual

An enumerator manual (or field manual) is extremely important because it is the primary resource used during the enumerator training. It also acts as an important resource for enumerators during the field survey. Field manuals contain all field protocols, provide crucial guidelines to the survey firm, and also provide content for the training Refer to Figure 1 below for a field manual template. A comprehensive field manual should list the following:

  • Study objectives: The field manual should briefly explain the purpose of the study, and the possible outcomes that the research team hopes to achieve. This provides enumerators and field teams a good reference during the actual field interview, and helps them understand their roles more clearly.
  • Roles and responsibilities: The field manual should also list the roles and responsibilities of each member in the field team. This allows field staff to take more responsibility for their work, and perform their tasks efficiently.
  • Survey protocols: Survey protocols play an important role in ensuring high data quality in the field. The field manual should list all protocols, along with examples that explain the importance of following these protocols. For example, the enumerator manual should cover protocols for replacing survey respondents.
  • Key terms: The field manual should clearly define all key terms that are used in the questionnaire, as well as throughout the field manual. Key terms include common acronyms like open data kit (ODK), and technical terms like sampling frames.
  • Description of questions: The field manual should also explain the questions that are part of the questionnaire, along with common rules and methods for asking questions during the field interview.
  • Frequently asked questions (FAQs): Finally, the field manual should include a list of frequently asked questions (FAQs). These are questions that often come up during the training sessions, and help to resolve common doubts that may arise during fieldwork.
Figure 1: Template for developing a field manual

Finalize training time frame

The training time frame refers to the duration of the enumerator training, and depends on factors like:

  • Length and complexity of the questionnaire. If the questionnaire is longer, and is more complex (that is, has several modules, and many repeat groups), then the training will also need to be longer to make sure enumerators are comfortable with the questionnaire.
  • Capacity of potential enumerators. If the potential enumerators are more experienced, the duration of the training will be shorter, compared to a situation where the potential enumerators have less experience.
  • Complexity of study design. Again, if the study itself is based on a complex theory of change, or is trying to answer questions that were not a part of any previous studies, the training too will have to be longer to explain the objectives and protocols.

Further, keep the following points in mind when deciding the time frame:

  • Sufficient rest. Include sufficient time to rest after the sessions.
  • Practice sessions. Include extra days for practice in the classrooms, as well as in the field.
  • Extra day for enumerator selection. Include at least one day for the process of selecting enumerators for the actual survey.
  • Field manual. Use the field manual as a guide for finalizing the time frame, since the manual contains all information about the study and its various aspects.

Assessing Enumerators

After the enumerator training is complete, the field coordinators (FCs), the survey firm, and the supervisors should coordinate to conduct the enumerator assessment. Always train more enumerators than are needed for the actual survey (or interview). This motivates enumerators to perform better. It also ensures that a group of qualified enumerators are available as backup in case a few enumerators are unable to conduct the interviews on a given day. The following are the main criteria for enumerator selection:

  • Scores on regular quizzes and final test
  • Field practice
  • Participation
  • Interpersonal skills
  • Previous experience

Quiz and test scores

Although quiz and test scores may seem like a highly academic criteria of enumerator assessment, they offer important feedback which field teams can use to improve the training sessions. It is important to reassure the enumerators that the frequent quizzes act more as measure of how much progress each enumerator has made during the enumerator training, and less as a measure of performance. Be creative while preparing the final test. The final test should assess the following:

  • Understanding of materials. Use the regular quizzes and final test to assess how well an enumerator has understood the training materials such as field manuals, protocols, and standard guidelines for conducting interviews.
  • Reading skills in different languages. The quizzes should also evaluate basic reading skills in the relevant languages. This also includes assessing familiarity of enumerators with the translated versions of the questionnaire in various languages. For example, if the questions are to be asked in English and Hindi, it is important to ensure that enumerators are able to read out the questions in both languages during the interview.
  • Understanding of questions. The quizzes should also assess if enumerators are able to understand the meaning and relevance of certain questions. For example, in a COVID-19 pulse survey, it would be important for the research team to assess how households are preparing to deal with the economic and health-related consequences of COVID-19. In this case, for a question about how households assess the threat of COVID-19, enumerators must be able to understand the question themselves, before asking the respondents. Further, enumerators should be able to explain how respondents can answer the question using a scale from 1 to 5, with 1 meaning "No threat", and 5 meaning "Severe threat".
  • Numeracy skills. The quiz must also assess basic numeracy skills (like counting, adding, etc.) of enumerators, including the ability to enter responses on a tablet.

NOTE: The research team and the field staff should also keep the following things in mind while designing the final test:

  • Be well-organized. Create all quizzes and the final test before the start of enumerator training. Edit the quizzes based on observations during the training sessions.
  • Conduct regular quizzes as well as a final test. Carry out one quiz per day to test understanding of topics covered on the previous day. Correct the quizzes quickly, ideally on the same day. Share feedback simultaneously, to allow enumerators to correct their mistakes and fill any gaps in their understanding. The final test should provide a comprehensive assessment of the training content. It is useful to adapt the final test based on earlier quizzes, focusing in on areas where enumerators scored poorly on the quizzes.
  • Be transparent. Inform enumerators before the start of training that they will be required to take regular quizzes and a final test. Share the skills that they should focus on in order to fully utilize the training. This also allows enumerators to concentrate better during sessions.
  • Encourage enumerators. Quizzes can often be stressful, so motivate enumerators throughout the training. Inform the enumerators that their scores in these quizzes are only one of the several criteria for evaluating them. Provide constructive feedback to enumerators after sharing results of each quiz.

Field practice

Field practice is a very important part of enumerator training, as it allows enumerators and the rest of the field staff to test survey protocols, as well as the survey content. Field practice can take the following forms:

  • Team exercises: These involve enumerators getting together to practice questionnaire modules in pairs or in groups.
  • Mock interviews: Trainers can also conduct mock interviews with enumerators, and holding discussion sessions afterwards.
  • Pilot interviews with administrative officials: In some cases, it is also useful to conduct practice interviews with government officials. Data from these interviews is not included in the final dataset. These are only meant to provide feedback which is especially useful when the field team is not familiar with the culture and social norms in the location of the study.

Keep the following things in mind regarding field practice:

  • Plan regular sessions. Plan field practice sessions in such a manner that potential enumerators conducts at least one practice interview per person.
  • Use facilitators to monitor. Split the enumerators into groups, and assign one experienced enumerators as a facilitator in each group. The facilitators can monitor and observe interviews to ensure that enumerators are following all protocols.
  • Keep regular feedback sessions. The facilitators should take notes on each enumerator's performances during practice, and share their comments at the end of the day.

NOTE: The following is an observation checklist which facilitators can use to observe enumerators during field practice:

  • Use of proper equipment: It is important to ensure that each enumerator is using the proper equipment during the practice interview. For example, a pen and a notebook in case of a pen-and-paper interview (PAPI), and tablets in case of a computer-assisted personal interview (CAPI).
  • Selection of the correct respondent: It is important to ensure that the enumerator selectes the corrected respondent during practice. Interviewing incorrect respondents can cause serious problems for data quality, such as duplicates, missing values, and even outliers.
  • Proper introduction: The enumerators should be able to correctly and concisely introduce the survey objectives to the respondent. They must also be able to read out the informed consent form in the language spoken by the respondent.
  • Introductory sentences: The enumerators should be able to read the introductory sentences before questions (if any), as well as all questions correctly in the language spoken by the respondent.
  • Clarifications and polite probing: Sometimes a respondent may have trouble understand a question, or their answer might not be satisfactory. In such situations, the enumerator should be able to clarify as and when required. They must also be able to probe the respondent in a polite manner, and at the right time.
  • Familiarity with the survey and confidence: The facilitators must also check how familiar the enumerators are with the survey content. Also evaluate the level of confidence in practice sessions for each enumerator.
  • Language proficiency: Check the level of comfort and fluency of enumerators in each of the languages used in the questionnaire.
  • Interactions with the respondent: Evaluate enumerators on their interactions with the respondent, both verbally and non-verbally. The enumerators should be polite and respectful throughout.
  • Patience and attention to detail: The enumerators should answer all follow-up questions from respondents patiently. Evaluate enumerators on their attention to detail and whether they stick to all protocols.
  • Creating a conducive environment: Evaluate enumerators on whether they make the respondents feel comfortable during the interview. The enumerator should reassure the respondent that the impact evaluation study will protect their rights, including their right to privacy.

Participation

Another criteria to evaluate enumerator performance is their participation throughout the training sessions. Facilitators should observe each enumerator and take regular notes. They can score enumerators on a scale of 1 to 5, where "1 = Poor", "2 = Weak" "3 = Average", "4 = Strong", and "5 = Excellent". Some criteria to evaluate participation are:

  • Punctuality: Facilitators should keep note of enumerators who are punctual for training sessions. This also encourages enumerators to take the sessions seriously.
  • Active participation and initiative: This includes awarding a higher score to enumerators who take part in classroom discussions, and take initiative to improve in areas where they might be weaker.
  • Attitude and integrity: The attitude of enumerators during the training is also a very important aspect. Facilitators should take note of, and award higher scores to enumerators who are eager to learn and correct mistakes, and respond positively to feedback after quizzes and training sessions.
  • Team work: The field team often faces various challenging situations in the field. The training sessions are therefore a good time to think about creating a positive atmosphere in the team. Award higher scores to enumerators who work well in a team, and are willing to help their teammates with any issues they might face.
  • Communication skills: Good communication skills are also an extremely quality important for enumerators. Enumerators should be able to convey their issues, clarify any doubts they face, and participate in review sessions to improve the overall quality of the survey.

Best Practices

It is important to convey the the importance of their role in the research to the enumerators. This will allow enumerators to take ownership of the project, which is essential for ensuring that enumerators remain committed throughout the duration of the data collection. This will be particularly important for projects lasting several weeks, or projects that involving a significant amount of travel, since these can result in enumerator fatigue. In this regard, it is important to follow certain best practices.

Scientific approach

The most important quality of a good survey team is a commitment to the scientific method. A scientific method is the standard approach for surveys in order to produce concrete and valuable results that can be easily defended during peer-reviews. Clarify to enumerators that the scientific approach means that they are committed to identifying the actual situation on the ground, and not one that appears to exist because of errors in the way opinions are taken into account.

In development research, the only way that a comparison between different groups is possible is to use the same survey method for all respondents. This means that the following must be as similar as possible for each group:

  • Process: Introduce the process in the same way to each group.
  • Anonymity: Make people in each group feel equally comfortable that the process is anonymous.
  • Confidentiality: Make people feel that their responses will be confidential.
  • Duration: Give each group roughly the same amount of time to fill in the questionnaire.
  • Discussions: Guide the discussion session in a similar manner for each group.
  • Collection and filing: Collect and file all the questionnaires systematically.

If we deviate from this approach, for example by treating one group differently from all the others, we won’t be able to tell if the differences between that group and the others are because of actual differences, or simply because we failed to use the same survey method for the groups.

NOTE: Finally, there will still be times when a particular situation is different from the circumstances of what is considered an ideal interview. In such cases, it is possible that the FAQs compiled by the team might not also be of any help. To ensure that enumerators are prepared for such situations, include sessions to train enumerators on the various aspects of study methodology and approach.

Confidentiality and anonymity

One of the key selling points of the interview for many respondents will be a commitment to anonymizing all interviews and safeguarding respondents’ confidentiality. Tablets are a very useful tool in helping enumerators achieve this. However, enumerators must also ensure that all interactions with respondents meet the strictest criteria for confidentiality. This entails:

  • Not disclosing any opinions, claims, and other features that can be associated with individuals.
  • Using confidential information only for the purposes set out in the training, and not for any other purpose.
  • Not copying or retaining any written information or record that could be associated with identifying features of individuals, or any other kind of identifying information.
  • Returning all confidential information (including notes, memos, photographs) to the survey team at the conclusion of the surveys, or when demanded by the survey team.
  • Not disclosing any confidential information to any employee, consultant or third party unless it has been approved by the survey team.

Interview practice and field testing

Before going out in the field, it is important that all enumerators practice interviewing at least twice. This helps them become familiar with the questionnaire, and also allows them to receive feedback on their interviewing skills. It is normal for the first few interviews conducted by each enumerator to be of a lesser quality, so it is important to discard these and not include them in the main dataset.

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This article is part of the topic Primary Data Collection

Additional Resources

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