Monitoring Data Quality

Read First

• The best time to write the data quality checks is in parallel to the Questionnaire Design and the Questionnaire Programming. Data quality checks are often completed too late to be relevant or often omit important tests if the tests are not written in parallel to the questionnaire.
• Data quality checks should be run daily, as the enumerator will still remember the interview if we have questions, and she/he is likely to still be able to go back to the respondent in case we have questions. These checks serve as additional enumerator support mechanisms that allow team members and enumerators to notice data discrepancies as they arise and resolve the issue(s) immediately.

Theoretical Framework

There are many different best practices on what checks to do during data quality checks. There is no best practice that is best in every single case, but this section presents a general framework useful to anyone that are new to data quality checks.

This framework categorizes data quality checks in three categories. Response Quality Checks, Programing Checks, and Enumerator Checks. Many checks fits into more than one of these categories. The tools we present further down is not developed with this framework in mind, so it is not required to think in terms of these categories, but it will be helpful for anyone who does not know where to start.

Response Quality Checks

Here we test the quality of the responses given by the respondents. Since we do not know the true value to relate the answer the respondent gave to, it is not always obvious how to test this. One way to do it is that you can test two answers against each other. For example, if a respondent answered that he is male, then he may not answer that he is pregnant. Most of these tests we can and should restrict to plausible answers in the questionnaire programming. In this example we should have restricted the pregnancy question only to respondents who are female. However, the in-questionnaire test is not always as straightforward. Let's say that we ask about plot size and harvest size and allow the respondent to answer in the unit of his/her choice. In order to test if the harvest in terms of kilos per hectare is plausible, we need to convert harvest and plot size to kilos and hectares. While this is possible in SurveyCTO, it is not obvious that it is worth the effort and added complexity to the questionnaire form.

Soft in questionnaire constraints, hard ex-post quality checks. Another reason we do not want to rely too much on response quality in the questionnaire during the survey is that we might simple force the respondents to answer what we as researchers thinks is a plausible range regardless if our ex-ante expectation is true or not.

Another common method to test if the answer is the true value is back checks. This method is described below. While it is much more precise than the method described above, it is much more expensive.

Programming Checks

This type of tests help us understand if we have designed and programmed the questionnaire properly. Most programming errors will be caught when we are testing the questionnaire either with mock data by our desk or when piloting, but it is impossible to test all possible outcomes before data collection, so we need to build in some tests that checks for this during the data collection. While it is something we should avoid, it is common that due to reasons out of our control, we are forced to make last minute edits to the questionnaire. We will not have as much time to thoroughly test those last minute edits. Therefore, we should have planned and written programming checks.

Enumerators Checks

Enumerator checks help us determine if any individual enumerator record data that are different from other enumerators in the data sets or different from the mean of a given question.

The enumerators are the eyes and the ears of the project in the field, and it is absolutely necessary for high data quality that our enumerators are making their best effort. A Project that sees enumerator checks primarily as a policing activity will probably not have the enumerators most dedicated to go the extra mile to collect as good data as possible. Instead, see enumerators checks as a tool to support enumerators that need extra support. Ultimately there must be consequences, but that should be a last resort, and not the primary reason for these types of checks.

Practical Examples of Data Quality Checks

Duplicates and Survey Logs

It is very important to do quality checks on data during the survey implementation as it is difficult to fix the problem/recollect the data if the error is found after the completion of the survey.

• Testing for Duplicates - Since SurveyCTO/ODK data has a number of duplicates, the first thing you need to do is check for duplicates and remove the duplicates.
• Test that all data from the field is on the server - Survey data logs from the field can then be matched with the logs from the survey data logs on the server to see if the all the data from the field has been transferred to the server.
• Test for target number - Since surveys are submitted in daily waves, you should keep track of the numbers of surveys that are submitted and the target number of surveys needed for an area to be completed.

Tip: Verifying that the data is complete should be done the day of or the day after the survey. Since, the interviewer is most likely close by, it would be easy to re-interview and get missing data if significant chunks of data were missing.

To see how to remove duplicates and check that all the field data is on servers, please see the main article at Duplicates and Survey Logs.

High Frequency Checks

After you have verified that all the data is on the server, the following steps should be undertaken:

• High frequency tests of data quality
  • IPA Template only (Template assumes SurvyCTO)
    • if not written in SurveyCTO -possible to adapt data to template, or template to data, but might be easier to write your own tests in Stata
  • IPA Template + additional tests in Stata
  • Test written in Stata only
    • Option if data is not collected with SurveyCTO
    • This may also be ideal if you wish to add additional checks not covered by the IPA template or not written in by SurveyCTO.
• Follow up using the Data Explorer in SurveyCTO

Back Checks

Back Checks, also known as Survey Audits, are a second visit to the household to confirm the interview was conducted and verify key pieces of information. Best practice is for back checks to be completed by an independent third party.

Additional Resources

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