Experimental Methods

Experimental methods are research designs in which the researcher explicitly and intentionally induces exogenous variation in the intervention assignment to facilitate causal inference. Experimental methods typically include directly randomized variation of programs or interventions. This page outlines common types of experimental methods and explains how they avoid biased results.

Read First

• Experimental methods introduce exogeneity, allowing researchers to draw conclusions about the effects of an event or a program.
• Without experimental methods, results may be biased by confounding variables or reverse causality.
• Poorly implemented experimental methods of course do not guarantee exogeneity. Pay close attention to and make sure to address differential take-up, non-compliance and attrition during data collection and analysis.

Common Types of Experimental Methods

Experimental methods typically include directly randomized variation of programs or interventions offered to study populations. This variation is usually broadly summarized as "Randomized Control Trials,” but can include cross-unit variation with one or more periods (cross-sectional or difference-in-differences designs); within-participant variation (panel studies); or treatment randomization at a clustered level with further variation within clusters (multi-level), for example.

Researchers can also achieve exogenous variation on the research side through randomized variation in the survey methodology. For example, public health surveys may use mystery patients to identify the quality of medical advice given to people in primary care settings. By comparing the outcomes with other health care providers given medical vignettes instead of mystery patients, by changing the information given from the patient to the provider, or by changing the setting in which the interaction is conducted, researchers can use the data collected to estimate causal differences in outcomes. Other designs like endorsement experiments and list experiments randomly vary the contents of the survey itself.

Experimental Methods as a Solution for Bias

Experimental variation imposes known variation on the study population, guaranteeing an un-confounded intervention effect. Without exogenous variation, however, the treatment effect may be biased by an external variable. Consider the following examples of non-experimental research in which bias confounds results:

• The estimate of the intervention on the outcome may mask an effect produced by another, correlated variable. For example, schooling may improve the quality of job offers via network exposure, but the actual education adds no value. In this case the result would remain "correct" in the sense that those who got more schooling did, in fact, receive higher earnings, but "incorrect" in the sense that the estimate does not represent marginal value of education. Through randomization and exogeneity, experimental methods ensure that the analysis is not biased by confounding variables like that highlighted above.
• The direction of causality may be reversed or simultaneous. For example, individuals who are highly motivated may choose to complete more years of schooling as well as being more competent at work in general; or those who are highly motivated by financial returns in the workplace may choose more schooling because of that motivation. Again, through randomization and exogeneity, experimental methods avoid reverse causality or endogeneity like that highlighted above.

Additional Resources

• See JPAL’s Impact Evaluation Methods Chart.
• Running Randomized Evaluations includes all content from the book Running Randomized Evaluations, supplemental materials like case studies, and a blog.
• The World Bank and The IDB’s Impact Evaluation in Practice contains plentiful information on how to implement and analyze via experimental methods
• See Impact Evaluation Design Principles from OECD.
• The Behavioral Evidence Hub (B-Hub) is a continually updated collection of strategies drawn from insights about human behavior that are proven to solve real world problems. All results published on the B-Hub are evaluated with randomized controlled trials.