Field Surveys
Field surveys (or survey instruments/questionnaires) are one of the most commonly used methods used by researchers for the process of primary data collection. In cases where secondary sources of data do not provide sufficient information, field surveys allow researchers to better monitor and evaluate the impact of field experiments. For example, consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of micro-loans on farm output in a small village. It is possible that data on farm output for the last 10 years is not available, or is insufficient. In this case, researchers can conduct a survey among local farmers to collect data on farmer incomes and farm outputs.
Read First
- Primary data is vital for conducting empirical inquiry in the field of development economics.
- Surveys can be conducted either directly by the research team or indirectly by procuring a survey firm.
- With increasing availability of specialized survey firms, ODK-based tools like CAPI and standardized field management practices, it is important for researchers to follow certain best practices to gather data.
Preparing a Survey
The process of preparing surveys involves multiple stages, like drafting, piloting, programming, and translating, and a clear pre-decided timeline.
Pre-pilot and draft
The pre-pilot and draft stage of implementing a survey starts by defining rules and guidelines in the form of survey protocols. Clear protocols ensure that fieldwork is carried out consistently across teams and regions, and are important for reproducible research.
Then a pre-pilot is conducted, which is the first component of piloting a survey. This involves answering qualitative questions about the following:
- Selection of respondents.
- Tracking mechanism.
- Number of revisits.
- Dropping and replacement criteria.
Based on the pre-pilot, the research team designs a questionnaire to generate a first draft. For this purpose, avoid starting from scratch, and try using existing studies and questionnaires as a point of reference.
Content-focused pilot
The next step is to conduct a content-focused pilot. This stage involves answering questions about the structure and content of the questionnaire. Global best practices recommend conducting the content-focused pilot on paper, to make it easier to revise and refine the survey instrument.
It is equally important to simultaneously pilot survey protocols like scheduling, testing survey infrastructure, and sampling methods. DIME Analytics has created the following checklists for this purpose:
Program instrument
Once the questionnaire content and design have been finalized, the next step is to program the survey instrument. Researchers should not program the instrument before finalizing the design of the questionnaire, otherwise they will waste crucial time and resources in going back and forth.
While there are various tools to do this, [[Computer-Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI)|computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI) are the most widely used. Researchers must set aside 2-3 weeks for programming, and another 2-3 weeks for testing and debugging.
Data-focused pilot
Before conducting a data-focused pilot, the research team must sign a contract with a survey firm. The data-focused pilot tests the following:
- Survey design and interview flow (re-check design and revisions made earlier)
- Survey programming (check if questions display correctly, and built-in data checks are working)
- Data (whether all variables appear or not, missing data, variance in data)
- High frequency checks
Also refer to the DIME Analytics Checklist for refining data.
Translate
The next step in the process is to translate the questionnaire. Translation will be considered good or complete only when enumerators and respondents have the same understanding for each question. Often, with repeated translations, the research team must ensure adequate version control norms.
Train enumerators
These steps must be completed before training enumerators. This helps to minimize enumerator effects, which arise due to differences in the way a question is asked to each respondent because different enumerators may share a different translation of the same question.
Challenges
The process of implementing field surveys comes with its own set of challenges. These include:
- Measurement challenges. Sometimes some questions are sensitive, or aim to measure things that seem hard to quantify. For instance, while employee-satisfaction is very important for various studies to assess labor-market conditions, it is also very hard to measure objectively.
- Data-quality assurance- It is very important to have a plan for ensuring data quality.
- Translation errors - If translation is poor or incomplete, the data that is collected might be incorrect, or insufficient.
- Gaps in enumerator training - This can also lead to improper data collection, and can therefore hamper the results of an evaluation.
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Additional Resources
- DIME (World Bank), Survey Design and Pilot Guidelines
- DIME Analytics (World Bank), Data Quality Assurance