https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&feed=atom&action=historyQuestionnaire Translation - Revision history2024-03-28T16:12:28ZRevision history for this page on the wikiMediaWiki 1.37.2https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=8152&oldid=prevAvnish95 at 14:52, 13 April 20212021-04-13T14:52:31Z<p></p>
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</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6277&oldid=prevAvnish95 at 14:52, 21 April 20202020-04-21T14:52:34Z<p></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:52, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><onlyinclude>'''Questionnaire translation''' refers to the process of translating [[Field Surveys|survey instruments]] (or questionnaires) into all local languages spoken in the study area. It is a vital component of a high quality survey. Incomplete or inaccurate translations can, at best, result in loss in nuance intended by the [[Impact Evaluation Team|impact evaluation team]] (or research team), and at worst, completely change the meaning of a question. It can undo all the work that goes into [[Questionnaire Design|designing]] carefully-worded questionnaires.</onlyinclude></div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><onlyinclude>'''Questionnaire translation''' refers to the process of translating [[Field Surveys|survey instruments]] (or questionnaires) into all local languages spoken in the study area. It is a vital component of a high quality <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Primary Data Collection|</ins>survey<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>. Incomplete or inaccurate translations can, at best, result in loss in nuance intended by the [[Impact Evaluation Team|impact evaluation team]] (or research team), and at worst, completely change the meaning of a question. It can undo all the work that goes into [[Questionnaire Design|designing]] carefully-worded questionnaires.</onlyinclude></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Read First ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Read First ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The research team should set aside sufficient time for each of the steps involved in translation- '''forward translation''', '''back translation''' and '''reconciliation''', as well as '''validation by enumerators'''. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Impact Evaluation Team|</ins>research team<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>should set aside sufficient time for each of the steps involved in translation- '''forward translation''', '''back translation''' and '''reconciliation''', as well as '''validation by enumerators'''. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Questionnaires often go through multiple stages of translation and back translation. Therefore, '''version control''' is important, as it involves maintaining copies of each version during the translation process, so that no information is lost. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Questionnaires often go through multiple stages of translation and back translation. Therefore, '''version control''' is important, as it involves maintaining copies of each version during the translation process, so that no information is lost. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Keep in mind that having enumerators translate on the go is not recommended either, as consistency and accuracy of translation can vary across enumerators. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* Keep in mind that having enumerators translate on the go is not recommended either, as consistency and accuracy of translation can vary across enumerators. </div></td></tr>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Translation process ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Translation process ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lack of proper due diligence during the translation process can cause delays, confusion and field errors, and can potentially lead to inaccurate [[Primary Data Collection|data collection]]. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers </del>must remember that effective or accurate translation takes time. Best practices suggest that the research team should allocate at least two weeks for the initial translation, and at least two more weeks for editing and reviewing the translations.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Lack of proper <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>due diligence<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>during the translation process can cause delays, confusion and field errors, and can potentially lead to inaccurate [[Primary Data Collection|data collection]]. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The '''research team''' </ins>must remember that effective or accurate translation takes time. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Best practices <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>suggest that the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>research team<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>should allocate at least two weeks for the initial translation, and at least two more weeks for editing and reviewing the translations<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">, and these should be mentioned in the [[Timeline of a Survey Pilot|survey timeline]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Researchers often rely on a [[Piloting Survey Content|content-focused pilot]] to gain valuable feedback on the questionnaire. After finalizing and agreeing upon the [[Questionnaire Design|contents]] of the questionnaire, they can initiate the process of translation which has the following steps:</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Researchers often rely on a [[Piloting Survey Content|content-focused pilot]] to gain valuable feedback on the questionnaire. After finalizing and agreeing upon the [[Questionnaire Design|contents]] of the questionnaire, they can initiate the process of translation which has the following steps:</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6276&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Version control */2020-04-21T14:49:17Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Version control</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:49, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the errors in translation during [[Enumerator Training|enumerator training]] as another level of check on the final translation. Enumerators can then provide feedback based on their own experience, a process called '''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|data documentation]], which is important to create [[Reproducible Research|reproducible research]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the errors in translation during [[Enumerator Training|enumerator training]] as another level of check on the final translation. Enumerators can then provide feedback based on their own experience, a process called '''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|data documentation]], which is important to create [[Reproducible Research|reproducible research]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">we recommend that </del>the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">corrections or refinements that are needed, </del>without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the '''research team''' should use </ins>the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">required changes </ins>without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Oral interviews ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Oral interviews ===</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6275&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Version control */2020-04-21T14:47:53Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Version control</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:47, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For instance , consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of providing mid-day meals in government schools in India. The study could end up with low response rates because respondents did not interpret a question correctly. Low response rates can in turn result in [[Sample Size and Power Calculations#Read First|underpowered calculations]]. In this case, the '''research team''' should work with field coordinators and translators to draft a more accurate version that respondents can understand clearly. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For instance , consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of providing mid-day meals in government schools in India. The study could end up with low response rates because respondents did not interpret a question correctly. Low response rates can in turn result in [[Sample Size and Power Calculations#Read First|underpowered calculations]]. In this case, the '''research team''' should work with field coordinators and translators to draft a more accurate version that respondents can understand clearly. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">discrepancies </del>in translation during [[Enumerator Training|enumerator training]] as another level of check on the final translation. Enumerators can then provide feedback based on their own experience, a process called '''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|data documentation]], which is important to create [[Reproducible Research|reproducible research]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">errors </ins>in translation during [[Enumerator Training|enumerator training]] as another level of check on the final translation. Enumerators can then provide feedback based on their own experience, a process called '''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|data documentation]], which is important to create [[Reproducible Research|reproducible research]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, we recommend that the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all corrections or refinements that are needed, without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, we recommend that the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all corrections or refinements that are needed, without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6274&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Translators */2020-04-21T14:47:13Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Translators</span></span></p>
<table style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122;" data-mw="interface">
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:47, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Translators === </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Translators === </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Accurate translation requires significant time and skill. The following are the global best practices for hiring translators:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Accurate translation requires significant time and skill. The following are the global <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>best practices<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' that the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] should follow </ins>for hiring translators:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers </del>should only work with a professional translator who has sector-specific knowledge and experience in translating surveys. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Sector-specific knowledge.''' The '''research team''' </ins>should only work with a professional translator who has sector-specific knowledge and experience in translating surveys. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#The mother tongue of the forward translator should be the local language. Similarly, the mother tongue of the back translator should be the language of the research team. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Mother tongue.''' </ins>The mother tongue of the forward translator should be the local language. Similarly, the mother tongue of the back translator should be the language of the research team. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#Researchers should cross-check all technical terminology with local counterparts who are well-versed in the subject area of the project. For example, for agricultural surveys, this would involve double-checking translations of specific technologies with local agricultural officers and other experts. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Technical terminology.''' </ins>Researchers should cross-check all technical terminology with local counterparts who are well-versed in the subject area of the project. For example, for agricultural surveys, this would involve double-checking translations of specific technologies with local agricultural officers and other experts. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sometimes <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researchers </del>might be tempted to assign the job of translation to people who are not professional translators. Given below are the alternatives along with the reasons for not hiring them as translators:</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Sometimes <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the '''research team''' </ins>might be tempted to assign the job of translation to people who are not professional translators. Given below are the alternatives along with the reasons for not hiring them as translators:</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Survey firm manager'''. The manager of the [[Survey Firm|survey firm]] has a range of responsibilities, and they oversee the overall process of conducting a [[Field Surveys|survey]]. They would neither have sufficient time, nor the sector-specific knowledge required for efficient translation. However, it would be a good idea to have a person within the research team who can coordinate with the professional translator.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Survey firm manager'''. The manager of the [[Survey Firm|survey firm]] has a range of responsibilities, and they oversee the overall process of conducting a [[Field Surveys|survey]]. They would neither have sufficient time, nor the sector-specific knowledge required for efficient translation. However, it would be a good idea to have a person within the research team who can coordinate with the professional translator.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Government officials from relevant departments'''. This can include someone like the local agricultural officer we mentioned earlier. While they may have the relevant sector-specific knowledge, they may not be able to give enough time to the task of translation, unless they are released from their primary duties. These local officials are better suited for the purpose of cross-checking translations of technical words, and ensure that the context is not lost in translation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Government officials from relevant departments'''. This can include someone like the local agricultural officer we mentioned earlier. While they may have the relevant sector-specific knowledge, they may not be able to give enough time to the task of translation, unless they are released from their primary duties. These local officials are better suited for the purpose of cross-checking translations of technical words, and ensure that the context is not lost in translation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Local consultant without translation experience'''. Translation is a challenging process, and we have already discussed the harms of an incomplete or inaccurate translation. Being fluent in the relevant languages is not a sufficient requirement, because the task of translation requires written fluency as well.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* '''Local consultant without translation experience'''. Translation is a challenging process, and we have already discussed the harms of an incomplete or inaccurate translation. Being fluent in the relevant languages is not a sufficient requirement, because the task of translation requires written fluency as well.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Finally, the research team must ensure that the back translator has no professional or personal relation to the first translator. This is important because power dynamics between the two translators could affect decisions made during the '''reconciliation''' stage. For example, if one translator is an employee of the other translator or significantly lower in government hierarchy, it might result in a compromise which will affect the quality of the translation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Finally, the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>research team<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>must ensure that the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>back translator<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>has no professional or personal relation to the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>first translator<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>. This is important because power dynamics between the two translators could affect decisions made during the '''reconciliation''' stage. For example, if one translator is an employee of the other translator or significantly lower in government hierarchy, it might result in a compromise which will affect the quality of the translation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Version control===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Version control===</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6273&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Version control */2020-04-21T14:44:29Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Version control</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">← Older revision</td>
<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:44, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For instance , consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of providing mid-day meals in government schools in India. The study could end up with low response rates because respondents did not interpret a question correctly. Low response rates can in turn result in [[Sample Size and Power Calculations#Read First|underpowered calculations]]. In this case, the '''research team''' should work with field coordinators and translators to draft a more accurate version that respondents can understand clearly. </div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For instance , consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of providing mid-day meals in government schools in India. The study could end up with low response rates because respondents did not interpret a question correctly. Low response rates can in turn result in [[Sample Size and Power Calculations#Read First|underpowered calculations]]. In this case, the '''research team''' should work with field coordinators and translators to draft a more accurate version that respondents can understand clearly. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the discrepancies in translation during [[Enumerator Training|enumerator training]] as another level of check on the final translation. <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>Enumerators<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </del>can then provide feedback based on their own experience, a process called '''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|documentation]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the discrepancies in translation during [[Enumerator Training|enumerator training]] as another level of check on the final translation. Enumerators can then provide feedback based on their own experience, a process called '''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">data </ins>documentation<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]], which is important to create [[Reproducible Research|reproducible research</ins>]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, we recommend that the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all corrections or refinements that are needed, without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, we recommend that the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all corrections or refinements that are needed, without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6272&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Oral interviews */2020-04-21T14:43:11Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Oral interviews</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:43, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Oral interviews ===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>=== Oral interviews ===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For oral interviews, such as [[Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI)|computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI)]], <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researchers </del>will need accurate oral translations, rather than written translations. The research team should keep a few extra things in mind in this case.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For oral interviews, such as [[Computer-Assisted Personal Interviews (CAPI)|computer-assisted personal interviews (CAPI)]], <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] </ins>will need accurate oral translations, rather than written translations. The <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>research team<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>should keep a few extra things in mind in this case.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#Extend the duration of the <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>enumerator training <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>to spend more time on oral translations.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Extend training.''' </ins>Extend the duration of the <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Enumerator Training|</ins>enumerator training<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>to spend more time on oral translations.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#During the training process, researchers can ask more than one person to suggest translations for each question. Everyone can then discuss each suggestion, and agree on a final version as a group.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Cross check translations.''' </ins>During the training process, researchers can ask more than one person to suggest translations for each question. Everyone can then discuss each suggestion, and agree on a final version as a group.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#It is a good practice to leave some space on the paper version of the questionnaire. Enumerators can use this space to write the translated versions of each question. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Pen-and-paper training.''' </ins>It is a good practice to <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">provide enumerators with printed copies of the questionnaire. When printing these, the '''research team''' can </ins>leave some space on the paper version of the questionnaire. Enumerators can use this space to write the translated versions of each question. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>#Enumerators should also spend extra time on mock interviews and focus on collecting feedback on the quality of the translation.</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div># <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''Mock interviews.''' </ins>Enumerators should also spend extra time on mock interviews and focus on collecting feedback on the quality of the translation.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Related Pages ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Related Pages ==</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6271&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Version control */2020-04-21T14:39:05Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Version control</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Version control===</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>===Version control===</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Researchers </del>can expect to make several corrections and refinements to the questionnaire throughout the translation process. This can also involve performing more than one [[Survey Pilot|data-focused pilot]] and changing the questionnaire that is used in <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">each </del>pilot. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">The [[Impact Evaluation Team|research team]] </ins>can expect to make several corrections and refinements to the questionnaire throughout the translation process. This can also involve performing more than one [[<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">Survey Pilot#Stages of a </ins>Survey Pilot|data-focused pilot]] and changing the questionnaire that is used in <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the [[Survey Pilot|survey </ins>pilot<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]]</ins>.</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For instance , consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of providing mid-day meals in government schools in India. The study could end up with low response rates because respondents did not interpret a question correctly. Low response rates can in turn result in [[Sample Size and Power Calculations#Read First|underpowered calculations]]. In this case, <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">researchers </del>should work with field coordinators and translators to draft a more accurate version that respondents can understand clearly. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>For instance , consider a study that aims to evaluate the impact of providing mid-day meals in government schools in India. The study could end up with low response rates because respondents did not interpret a question correctly. Low response rates can in turn result in [[Sample Size and Power Calculations#Read First|underpowered calculations]]. In this case, <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">the '''research team''' </ins>should work with field coordinators and translators to draft a more accurate version that respondents can understand clearly. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the discrepancies in translation during <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</del>enumerator training<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </del>as another level of check on the final translation. Enumerators can provide feedback based on their own experience, a process <del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">that is often referred to as </del>'''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|documentation]]. </div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>It is also a good idea to discuss the discrepancies in translation during <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">[[Enumerator Training|</ins>enumerator training<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">]] </ins>as another level of check on the final translation. <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">'''</ins>Enumerators<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">''' </ins>can <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">then </ins>provide feedback based on their own experience, a process <ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">called </ins>'''validation'''. It is also important to have at least one bilingual staff member to carefully record all corrections that are made throughout the different stage. This last step is also useful for the purpose of [[Data Documentation|documentation]]. </div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, we recommend that the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all corrections or refinements that are needed, without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>Editing and refining the translations several times can often lead to '''version control issues'''. To avoid these, we recommend that the paper version of the questionnaire used for '''enumerator training''' should print the questions in the original language, as well as all local languages, side-by-side. This makes it easier to make a note of all corrections or refinements that are needed, without worrying about inconsistency across different versions.</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6270&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Additional Resources */2020-04-21T14:36:48Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Additional Resources</span></span></p>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Additional Resources ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Additional Resources ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">github</del>.<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">com</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">worldbank</del>/<del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">DIME-Resources/blob/master/survey-instruments.pdf </del>Survey design and pilot]</div></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">osf</ins>.<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">io</ins>/<ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">hxyc3</ins>/ Survey design and pilot]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://osf.io/63uv9/ Survey guidelines]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://osf.io/63uv9/ Survey guidelines]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="−"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #ffe49c; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><del style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;"></del></div></td><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-added"></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[Category: Primary Data Collection]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[Category: Primary Data Collection]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95https://dimewiki.worldbank.org/index.php?title=Questionnaire_Translation&diff=6269&oldid=prevAvnish95: /* Additional Resources */2020-04-21T14:34:30Z<p><span dir="auto"><span class="autocomment">Additional Resources</span></span></p>
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<td colspan="2" style="background-color: #fff; color: #202122; text-align: center;">Revision as of 14:34, 21 April 2020</td>
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<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Additional Resources ==</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>== Additional Resources ==</div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://github.com/worldbank/DIME-Resources/blob/master/survey-instruments.pdf Survey design and pilot]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div>* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://github.com/worldbank/DIME-Resources/blob/master/survey-instruments.pdf Survey design and pilot]</div></td></tr>
<tr><td colspan="2" class="diff-side-deleted"></td><td class="diff-marker" data-marker="+"></td><td style="color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #a3d3ff; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div><ins style="font-weight: bold; text-decoration: none;">* DIME Analytics (World Bank), [https://osf.io/63uv9/ Survey guidelines]</ins></div></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><br/></td></tr>
<tr><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[Category: Primary Data Collection]]</div></td><td class="diff-marker"></td><td style="background-color: #f8f9fa; color: #202122; font-size: 88%; border-style: solid; border-width: 1px 1px 1px 4px; border-radius: 0.33em; border-color: #eaecf0; vertical-align: top; white-space: pre-wrap;"><div> [[Category: Primary Data Collection]]</div></td></tr>
</table>Avnish95